Acidizing wells



D. C. BOND ACIDIZING WELLS Filed Dec.

R. M Q m o M 22:33 8353 E m B 23 uEoEwoEozd Emu 51 .52; 0 v 1 h o. 8 on 3 on 8 w m 0 0 Q 3 n: 8: s Y I .V m B m d r m 3 u I/ Q N l 4 s v 2% I 232 o: w 5E 93 E E w o: N 2 o s I 2 m m m G 93 E E Dec. 29, 1953 ATT RNEY Patented Dec. 29 1953 ilhe Bure Oil ration of- ;Ohi

.Ilompany Chicago,

ApplicationiDeccmber 2, 1952,SerialNo. 3231603 .16. Claims. (01.. 252%8155) This invention pertains to "the art of chemically-treating wells to reduce or remove siliceous formations or deposits present therein. It is more particularlyconcerned with the acid treatment of subterranean -sil1ceous formatlonsor 1 deposits encountered in the development of subterranean fluid reservoirs "and the exploitation 'of-the fiuids' therein. This is a continuation-in- 'part of my prior application Serial Number I78,953,-filed August '11, 1950, now abandoned.

A-well known expedient-employed'in the compermitting acidization or formations other than those containing "limestone or dolomite. "The acidsthathaveibeen used in this aspect-of acid treatment Lhavefonthemost part consisted of anhydrous or aqueous solutions of hydrogen fluoride-either per seor formed withint-heforma- -tion by injecting into" the formation a plurality of reactants which interact thereby'rforming: in

=situ as one product ofzreaction' hydrofluoric acid.

.;acid thenrreacts with siliceous gen fluoride acidizatlon which have. been tried prior art. These. rami- .fieatienshave mainlyconsisted ofivarious mixtures of hydrogen .fluor-ide mineral acids such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric and various L other aciijydroc-hlorioacid, and so .forth. ,.All of these treating procedures ...in which "hydrogen fluoride has .been usedas aniessential constituent have I inherent disadvantageous qualities, such as the formation'of gelatinous precipitates which which have low permethe pores within the ithe oil fields.

' invention occurs in tend to' plug up the formation and theharmful physiological elfect on the skin tissue'ofhumans and animals when' contacted with the hydrogen fluoride-containing treating solutions of the prior art. These attendant disadvantages"have 'mini- 'fiedthe-"use ofchemical treating methodsemploying these reagents. However;Thave-"found that certain chemical treating reagents, namely, 'fluop'hosphoric acidsgexhibit 'allthe advantages of hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid for the dissolution of -'s"i'liceous materials -'-'-without being encumbered *by the concomitant detrimental elfects of the foregoing' hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride-containing well -treating compositions.

*These reagentsare admixed with-water to provide suitable treating solutions. "Although aqueous solutions "-in general are-effective'media for formations, the propensity of fluophosphoric acids to react with silica-containing compositions without inimicat effects produced'by similar prior'art reagents makes the useof' the-subjectchemical reagents-advantageous for other applications'i'n One such use would be the removal 'ofmudfi-ltercakesdeposited on the wall of a w'ellboreas the'result'of circulating clayey drillinglffluids within the "earthen borehole during drilling thereof. "The clay components of 'the fluids are; hydrous alumino-silicates which are 'depositedpn the walls of the well and within the pore interstices and crevicesof the Wall rocks.

While the'prior-art has taught the use'of mechanical scrapers an'dwall guides to eliectuate theremoval .of theclay deposits, these methods have inherent mechanical "disadvantages.

.An improvement'in these processes "consistsof the removalof theclay sheath from the well walls by acidtreatment. However prior art acid treatments, which generally employ so-called mud acids, while. operative; are not as effectual as the chemical reagents encompassed by the instant invention'as will hereinafter be seen.

Another problem which is: solved by the subject producinglluids from unconsolidated "orfine sands. These-loose sands havea tendency to clogscreens or perforations in tubing liners. The use of an aqueous solution of a fluophosphorie acid --containing -a -sufiicient I is which are either naturally occurring or produced by the hand of man. The expression also pertains to silica-containing deposits or accumulations which are susceptible r gravel envelopes positioned by circulation nethods, siliceous accumulations still occur. The instant invention however provides a method whereby the gravel packing may be purged in situ of these siliceous accumulations. Although the gravels generally employed in preparing these gravel packs are of a siliceous nature, the relatively small surface area exposed to the treating solution, as compared with the much greater area presented by the unconsolidated sands which accumulate in the gravel pack interstices, preeludes any substantial or inimical disintegration of the gravel pack.

It is also possible to employ the instant invention to combat the solidified hydrocarbon problem which occurs in wells producing paraffinic crude oils. These hydrocarbon deposits, which are more commonly referred to as paraffin deposits, tend to accumulate in the tubing and flow lines of the producing equipment. Conventional techniques embody the use of mechanical scrapers, circulation of hot oil, or the injection of chemicals. Each method has advantages depending upon the type of conditions encountered. The instant method is a species of the chemical injection method wherein a combination of chemical reagents are intermixed immediately adjacent the position of the paraffin deposit and caused to react. The reagents are selected to yield a high heat of reaction which fluidizes the solid paraflinic deposit to facilitate its removal. The instant invention may likewise be used in this manner and has the further advantage of functioning more expeditiously where the nucleus upon which the paraffin deposits form are siliceous in nature. In employing the instant invention in this capacity, a fluophosphoric acid and water are commingled adjacent the paraffin deposit. The commingling of these reagents causes the hydrolysis of the fluophosphoric acid and the evolution Of the resulting heat of hydrolysis. This will at least partially melt the paraffin deposit and cause the siliceous nuclei to be exposed, permitting the aqueous fluophosphoric acid solution to react therewith and produce a heat of reaction. The additional heat thus produced functions as an added impellent to expedite the removal of the remaining paraffinic deposit.

From the foregoing illustrative but non-limiting applications of the subject invention it is obvious that those skilled in the art may find multifarious other uses of the instant invention in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs. Thus, to avoid undue multiplicity in the appended claims, the expression siliceous deposit will be used generically and it intended to encompass siliceous deposits,

formations, strata,

to attack by the chemical reagents which will hereinafter be described in greater detail. However, in the following detailed discussion of the invention, the various exemplary siliceous environments, in which the invention can be used, will be specifically referred to.

Accordingly, the prime object of this invention is to provide improved treating agents and methods for the acid treating of siliceous deposits to remove or substantially reduce the quantities of the siliceous components contained therein. Other objects and advantages ofmy invention will become apparent from the ensuing description and accompanying drawing.

Figure 1 is a graph showing the results obtained when samples of silica sand were contacted with various concentrations of fluophosphoric acids in aqueous solution.

According to my invention 1 have found that various aqueous concentrations of fluophosphoric acids will function effectively to remove or reduce the amounts of the siliceous components present in various deposits which occur in the development or exploitation of fluid producing geological reservoirs. I have also found that there exists a zone of criticality relative to the respective amounts of water and fluophosphoric acid used in the treating solution which provides the most favorable conditions for treating these siliceous deposits with the fiuophosphoric acids. By effecting the deposit treatment with an aqueous solution of a fluophosphoric acid comprising substantially equal parts by weight of water and fluophosphoric acid, I am able to obtain the maximum desirable effect. Aqueous fluophosphoric acid solutions containing concentrations of acids of less than substantially equal amounts by weight of water and acid or acid concentrations of more than substantially equal parts by weight of acid and water, although operative for reacting with siliceous deposits, do not possess the acidizing efficiency of fluophosphoric acid solutions comprising acid and water in a weight ratio of about substantially 1:1. This important property of fluophosphoric acids as well as the general eifectiveness phosphoric acids is illustrated by several types of experiments.

In a lithological determination of the effect of the fluophosphoric acid treatment on siliceous formations, a series of the following permeability experiments were conducted wherein small cylindrical Berea sandstone cores were used for the tests. The initial permeability of the cores was determined by noting the time required to pass 25 cubic centimeters of distilled water at a gauge pressure of 408 millimeters of mercury One hundred cubic centimeters of an aqueous acid treating solution was passed through the core in approximately one hour. After the acid treatment, the time required to pass 25 cubic centimeters of water through the treated core at a gauge pressure of 408 millimeters of mercury was again determined. The results of these tests are presented in Table I. In the following tables the fluophosphoric acids are denoted as FP acids for convenience and are distinguished compositionwise as follows:

1. Mono FP acid.-Anhydrous monofiuophosphoric acid, principally HzPOzF, with varying amounts of HPOzFz and H3PO4 as impurities.

2. Di FP acid.-Anhydrous difiuophosphoric acid, over HPO2F2.

3. FP acid #3.-Concentrated aqueous solution of hexafluophosphoric acid, approximately 65% to a point tains substantially equal amounts of water and 7 -horic and hexafluophosphoric more readily hylrolyze in that order. If it is desired to obtain he full efiect of the completely hydrolyzed acid, he acid treating solution after being introduced nto the well bore should be permitted to stand n the well bore until the acid treating solution ias completely hydrolyzed. The said hydrolyzed solution may then be introduced into the formation being treated.

TABLE III Y Acid Hr n w Ityeacs r d conc. equiv., ion ion 15- Run Amd weight mols/ temp., time, solved, percent liter F. min. percent Nora-Runs 1 and 2 were conducted with an acid solution that had been permitted to completely hydrolyze prior to being utilized. Runs 3 and 4 were conducted immediately after mixing the acid and water to produce the treating solution.

. It can be shown that upon complete hydrolysis one mol of the monofiuophosphoric acid yields one mol of hydrogen fluoride, one mol of difluophosphoric acid yields two mols of hydrogen fluoride, and one mol of the hexafiuophosphoric acid yields six mols of hydrogen fluoride. It is seen in Table II that aqueous fluophosphoric acids are generally more eifective in dissolving silica than faqueous hydrogen fluoride solutions containing the same amount of hydrogen fluoride per unit volume. However, for a given fluophosphoric acid, the reactivity toward silica passes through a maximum as the concentration of the acid increases, that is, at concentrations of substantially equal parts by weight of water and fluophosphoric acid. This aspect is manifested in Figure 1. This figure has as its abscissa a scale representing the weight per cent of fiuophosphoric acid contained in the various aqueous acid treating solutions employed in the tests. The results obtained are in-' dicated by the amount of silica sand dissolved as a result of the acid treating the silica sand samples with various concentrations of treating solutions under conditions as outlined in the foregoing Example II. This effect may be determined'by referring to the ordinate of Figure 1 which is described as the weight percentage of silica sand dissolved. By correlating the concentration of fiuophosphoric acid in the aqueous acid treating solution with percentage by weight of silica sand dissolved, it is thus seen that the effectiveness of the acid treating solution increases at which the treating solution confluophosphoric acid. Thereafter any increase in the amount of fluophosphoric acid employed in the treating decreases rather than increases the effectiveness of the fluophosphoric acid aqueous treating solutions thereby illustrating quite clearly the beneficial results that are to be obtained when aqueous solutions of fluophosphoric acid are employed as treating agents in the concentration shown by my invention.

As illustrative of the eflicacy of aqueous solutions of fluophosphoric acids for removing mud filter cakes, reference is made to Table IV showing the efiect of fluophosphoric acids on mud filter cake as compared with the use of mud acids which the prior art has heretofore accepted as satisfactory.-

' v 1 id i ci t o ac on re or gff through passage 1x130 min. of 250 cc.

acid, min.

Acid

None (original filter test) Water Mono FP 1 part Mono FP to 2 parts Di FP Di FP 50 Mud acid" (15% HCl3% NH4HF2) H01 15 These data were obtained using a synthetic mud containing 5.4 weight per cent of bentonite and 17.0 weight per cent barites in an aqueous vehicle. Filter cakes were prepared from this mud in the API Mud Filter Test apparatus, using the procedure given in API Code 29, Standard Field Procedure for Testing Drilling Fluids (Tentative) July 1942. The excess mud was poured from the apparatus, the screen holding the filter cake was removed, and the filtercake was washed with a gentle stream of distilled water to remove loose mud. Then the screen and filter cake were replaced in the mud filter test apparatus for treatment with acid.

.In the acid treatment of the filter cakes 250 cc. of acid was poured into the apparatus and p. s. i. g. nitrogen pressure was applied to force the acid through the filter cake. The test was continuedfor 30 minutes, or until 250 cc. of acid had passed through the filter cake, if this quantity of acid passed through in less than 30 minutes. The filter cake was then removed and washed with a gentle stream of distilled water,

Comparison of these data shows that the fluophosphoric acids tested were quite eftective in disintegrating mud filter cake, while 15 per cent hydrogen chloride and mud acid had little or no effect on the cake.

In order to avoid differences caused by different contact times, an alternative test was used wherein 250 cc. of the acid was poured into the apparatus on top of the filter cake and allowed to stand in contact with thefilter cake without applied pressure for 30 minutes. The acid was then poured off and the filter cake was removed and washed with distilled water. By .a visual comparison of the results of this test, it was seen that mud acid had practically no efiect on mud filter cake, while under the same conditions the cake was more or less completely disintegrated by 50 per centdifiuophosphoric acid. I

To further illustrate the advantages obtainable in utilizing the fluophosphoric acids as constituents of an aqueous well treating solution, a physiological experiment was carried out whereby the epidermis of a living human subject was contacted with a small amount of anhydrous difiuophosphoric acid. Exposure to the anhydrous acid for periods of 20 seconds and 30 seconds evinced no ill effects. One, however, should use reasonable precautions when handling these acids.

In applying the teachings of my invention to a technique for the acid treatment of subterranean siliceous geological formations to bring about an increase in the permeability of said formations, advantage may be taken of methods described in United States Patents 1,891,667 or 2,018,199 to Carr or various other known methods.

As an alternative and preferred means or utilizing the acidizing reagent in the treatment of siliceousge'ological form'ations," anin'situ methodmay: be employed wherein the desired famounts of water and acid sufficient to produceth'e properconcentration are simultaneously introducedinto the tubing at the well head; The aai Q1 of" the acid and'water is er rected in th'e'tuoe g and the' resulting solu on is 'forced"into'the forniation; This latter thod is advantageous inas much as the 1182a of solution resulting frornthe in 'situpreparation of the aqueous "a idic treat= ing agent produces a heated treating-agent; playing a. treating agent which has been heat to an elevated temperature'is desir the rate of'reaot'ion between thes tion and the'fiuorophosphoric acid is a function of temperatureand a temperature will produce a" corres i crease in the rate of reaction similarly inem ployingthe subject invention'in other applica tions, well known procedurals em may'be used;

Although various concentrations of fluophosphoric acids canhe 'used in carrying' out myinvention, the preferred embodiment of niy invention requires that theconeentration'bf" the" acid solution, which is-used in treating the'se lected siliceous deposit, beconfined to the critical concentration hereinbefore set forth in' order to obtain the most eifective results. Water=iscommonly found in all oil fieldsand, if the formation that is proposed to treat contains water 'of necessity,- this water'must-be substantially're movedfromthe area ofthestrata that is beingtreated. This must b'e 'done inorder to 'a'void' the dilution of e the" fluoph'osphor'io acid solution away" from the mos't efieotive' concentration. Again one may resort to the-'priorart for methods to'accomplish the de'sir'ed're'sult. Nolan in his United States Patents-136L282 and lessees- United States Patent of the expedient of preventand Kennedy in his 2,146,480 make use' ing the flow of w'aterinto'that part of a forma tion in whicha treating operation is being conducted by creating a back pressure within the formation by forcing a fluid under sufiicient pres sure into the formation in order to hold baokthe water. This fluid may be any non-aqueous'gaseous or liquid medium such as mineral oil; natural":- gas, air, etc; In some instancesghowever, deposits areencounteredin' p imary orse'condary oil re covery operations in which production'is effected are substantially free" of" by gas-drive, which formation water; Aspeeific example of this type of formation toebe found in the Bartlesville sand found in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma. If such formations are to be acid trea't'ed to increase their permeabihties; it is obviously un'--' necessary to have reoourse' to any of the' foregoing methods;

After any water present 'in the formation area being treated'has been substantially removed by an y'suitable means, or if" the formation being treated isinitially substantially free of anyffo rmation water, the "acid soluti'ohis injected into the formation and allowed to stand for several hours. Theoptimum time of contact for best results will need to be determined by the results of field tests.' 'Ilierea'ppea'rs to'be' no disadvantag'es in allowing the'acid to remainin the formation indefinitely in order-toallow-the-reaction to proceed to completion. Ihave-found, however; that the acid is more or less spentinsix to'twelve' hours.

Procedural techniques for utilizing the instant invention in other applications will be obvious 4 logioal formations-will; 01

tion are commingled' the' ocasi'on demands; the-quantity ot-acid used the extent of the limits of may be a MiEli'as lOO bar r'els 'oi' more; similarly; the quantity =01? itreatin'g solution used in other applications will also bedependent upon" the amoiint's 0f sil'ieeoi oinpohe'rits present. 1 Generally quantities of' treatingsolutions"Within the mwemang-e of amountsbused in formation treatme wiu'sumee. Although an'uninhibited aqueous" fluophosphoric acid solution may be used; the corrosion of ferrous -'m'et'als exposed to an uninh-ibited and solution-is'iso se'veieth at in"order to prevent the-corrosion of equipment used in trans-= porting the 'anhydr'o'us' acid as well-as production-"5 equipment contacted by the treating solut'ionythe i addition of small amounts of ars'enious oxidetd the anhydrous acidtdprovi'dea corrosion inhibit' ins-effect is desirable. I have'found thatthef addition of 1 per cent to 2 per' cent by weight o'f' arsenious oxide to the anhydrousj difluoplios phorio acid inhibits the corrosive-stunner;this? acid on ferrous mans -to th'e extent thatonly negligible corrosion' is-observed at ordinary tamperaturess The reactivity-- o'f' 'the 1lphosphoric acid solutions inhibited with -ars'enious oiiide fis not appreciablyaffected? The "more comrrionly used acid inhibitor," arseiiite'} m nor since this might resul Water soluble sodium fluosilicate ir1" a(':id' 'spen y the reaction with the silica ofthe-iorma o It --is "also preferable *to"conduct thetreating method disclosed -'hereinat an elevated i temperature. "because I *havefound This is "desirable I h that the reactivity of fluophosphoric"acid treat in'g solutions is correlatedt'o'the-te peratureat which the "reactiomis carriedmut-"and that; the reactivity increases twofold ffo'r ev 5"Ff; inf

crease in temperature? v I W I, necessary to preheat thejfo'rma'tion' before tre'a't ingbecause of' the elevated temperatures normally occurring; in"subterranean 'formationsi In addition; a fortuitous aspect-of m'y inventi on' makes'fthe heating ofthe formatiomunneces'sar inasmuch as maximumheat' of" solut'ionis produc'ed when the components ofmy'treating: solu j "to'ipr'o'duce the solution of maximumreactivity. I I 4 a From a standpoint of reactivity, costs" and safety in' handling the preferred [acid 'i's'anhy drous difluopliosph'oric acid; It"' is, however; Within the purview' ofmyjiriven'tionto usegthe monoor liexa-fluopliosphoric acid or mixtures of any Or all-of the'subje'ct acids.

whne this discussion has been-"niainlycohcerned i with the chemical; reatm ent" ofoil wells, it is intended "th'atthis invntionq iayfb ically treating siliceous 'depositsencountered in" the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs with an acid reagent having at least the efiectiveness and reactivity of hydrogen ,ous solution of a fluoride but without the attendant disadvantages resulting from the use of hydrogen fluoride per se or other means of providing hydrogen fluoride in situ whereby the proportions of the siliceous components present therein are removed or substantially reduced.

I claim:

1. In the recovery of fluids from subterranean reservoirs, the method of reducing the resistance to the flow of said fluids through siliceous deposits encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs which comprises contacting said deposits with an aqueous solution of a fluophosphoric acid, said solution having a sufficient concentration of fluophosphoric acid and being present in an amount sufficient to reduce the fluid flow resistance of said formations.

2. In the recovery of fluids from subterranean reservoirs, the method of reducing the resistance to the flow of said fluids through siliceous deposits encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs which comprises contacting said deposits with an aquefluophosphoric acid yielding theoretically at least a per cent solution of hydrofluoric acid upon complete hydrolysis, in an amount sufficient to reduce the fluid flow resistance of said formations.

3. A method in accordance with claim 2 in which the acid is selected from the group consisting of monofluophosphoric, difluophosphoric and hexafluophosphoric acid.

4. A method in accordance with claim 2 in which the acid is difluophosphoric acid.

5. A method in accordance with claim 2 in which said aqueous solution is prepared by separately introducing into the borehole traversing said deposit a fluophosphoric acid and water and commingling them within said borehole to produce an aqueous solution of fluophosphoric acid and thereafter contacting the said deposit with the resulting solution.

6. A method in accordance with claim 5 in which the substantially complete hydrolysis of said fluophosphoric acid is initially effected and the said deposit is thereafter contacted with the resulting aqueous solution to react therewith.

7. In the recovery of fluids from subterranean reservoirs, the method of reducing the resistance to the flow of said fluids through siliceous deposits encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs which comprises contacting said deposits with an aque-' ous solution of a fluophosphoric acid comprising substantially equal parts by weight of a fluophosphoric acid and water in amounts sufficient to react with said deposits and thereby reduce the resistance of said deposits to fluid flow.

' 8. A method in accordance with claim '7 in which the fluophosphoric acid is selected from the group consisting of monofluophosphoric, difluophosphoric and hexafluophosphoric acid.

9. A method in accordance with claim '7 in which the fluophosphoric acid employed is difluophosphoric acid.

10. In the recovery of fluids from subterranean reservoirs, the method of reducing the resistance to the flow of said fluids through siliceous deposits encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs which comprises contacting said deposits with an aqueous solution of a fluophosphoric acid selected from the group consisting of monofluophosphoric, difluophosphoric and hexafluophosphoric acid, said solution being present in an amount sumcient to reduce the fluid flow resistance of said deposits.

11. The method of decreasing the resistance of siliceous formations encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs to the flow of fluids which comprises introducing into a siliceous geological formation an aqueous solution of fluophosphoric acid yielding theoretically at least a 5 per cent solution of hydrofluoric acid upon comp ete hydrolysis and maintaining said aqueous solution therein at a temperature and for suflicient time to promote hydrolysis of the acid,

12. A method in accordance with claim 11 in which the acid is selected from the group consisting of a monofluophosphoric, difluophosphoric and hexafluophosphoric acid.

13. A method in accordance with claim 11 in which the acid employed is difluophosphoric acid.

14. A method in accordance with claim 11 in which separate proportions of water and fluophosphoric acid are forced seriatim into said formations, said water and acid being allowed to mix and hydrolyze said acid at ambient formation conditions to produce a treating solution which reacts with said siliceous formation to decrease the resistance to flow thereof, the effluent reaction products produced by the reaction of said treating solution with said siliceous formation being thereafter removed. v

15. The method of increasing the permeability of a siliceous formation encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs by introducing an aqueous fluophosphoric acid solution comprising substantially about per cent by weight of fluophosphoric acid into said formation, said formation being substantially free of water in the formation area being subjected to said acid treatment.

16. The method of treating a siliceous deposit encountered in the development and exploitation of fluid producing reservoirs to reduce the resistance of said formation to fluid flow which comprises contacting said deposit with a fluophosphoric acid in the presence of water, said acid being present in an amount sufficient to theoretically yield at least a 5 per cent solution of hydrofluoric acid on hydrolysis.

DONALD C. BOND.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Bulletin FPA1, Monofluorophosphoric Acid, Difluorophosphoric Acid, 9 pages, published 1944 by Ozark Chemical Co. of Tulsa, Oklahoma. (Copy in Division 59.) 

1. IN THE RECOVERY OF FLUIDS FROM SUBTERRANEAN RESERVOIRS, THE METHOD OF REDUCING THE RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF SAID FLUIDS THROUGH SILICEOUS DEPOSITS ENCOUNTERED IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND EXPLOITATION OF FLUID PRODUCING RESERVOIRS WHICH COMPRISES CONTACTING SAID DEPOSITS WITH AN AQUEOUSOUS SOLUTION OF A FLUOPHOSPHORIC ACID, SAID SOLUTION HAVING A SUFFICIENT CONCENTRATION OF FLUOPHOSPHORIC ACID AND BEING PRESENT IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO REDUCE THE FLUID FLOW RESISTANCE OF SAID FORMATIONS. 